The event set off uprisings across north africa and the. The arab spring that resides in the popular imagination is one in which a wave of mass mobilization swept the broader middle east, toppled dictators, and cleared the way for democracy. In 2011 a wave of prodemocracy protests known as the arab spring spread across the arab world. But their purpose, relative success, and outcome remain hotly disputed in arab countries, among foreign observers, and between world powers looking to cash in on the changing map of the middle east. The history of egypt under hosni mubarak spans a period of 29 years, beginning with the 1981 assassination of president anwar sadat and lasting until the egyptian revolution of january 2011, when mubarak was overthrown in a popular uprising as part of the broader arab spring movement.
Kristian coates ulrichsen, middle east fellow at the baker institute for public policy, associate fellow at chatham house and a visting fellow at the london school of economics lse published a paper titled qatar and the arab spring. The arab uprisings have brought down regimes, but other consequences have been far less predictable. Among other constitutional reforms, many countries in the region have adopted, are considering adopting or have strengthened. They also wanted more democracy, and end to corruption, and economic opportunity. The arab spring refers to a period of protests beginning on december 18, 2010 in tunisia, which quickly spread to numerous other arab nations and resulted in regime change in tunisia, libya, egypt, and yemen, and repression andor violence in syria, bahrain, sudan, and elsewhere.
The economic consequences of the arab spring by mohsin khan atlantic council rafik hariri center for the middle east the popular uprisings that swept the middle east in early 2011 dramatically altered the political landscape of the region with the overthrow of autocratic regimes in egypt, libya, tunisia, and yemen. The bbcs middle east correspondent kevin connolly sets out 10 unanticipated outcomes. Jul 27, 2011 social media was a huge contribution to the arab spring. The second part provides a historical overview of the major events of the arab spring in tunisia, egypt, libya, and yemen, while the third and fourth parts analyze the causes, features, and transition processes of the arab spring from huntingtons third wave perspective. American foreign policy after the arab spring, by elliott abrams. Tunisia celebrates fifth anniversary of the arab spring time. The influx of citizens in the country of tunisia, syria, egypt, and many others opposed their governments dictatorship. The arab spring is a blanket term to cover a multitude of uprisings and. Aug 28, 2019 the arab spring was a series of antigovernment protests, uprisings, and armed rebellions that spread across the middle east in early 2011. The arab spring of discontent einternational relations. This article is about the demonstrations and revolts in the arab world in the early 2010s. Two years after the outbreak of what has come to be known as the arab spring, the bloom is off the rose. Arab spring libya 360 libya after moammar gaddafi the washington post.
Arab spring, wave of prodemocracy protests and uprisings that took place in the middle east and north africa beginning in 2010, challenging some of the regions entrenched authoritarian regimes. Several years after the arab spring began, democracy remains elusive in the middle east. This concept is used as an indication to a wide range of uprisings in the middle east and north africa mena region during the past two years. The economics of the arab spring and its aftermath 5. Polyvocal, leaderless and using new styles of communication, the post arab spring voices do not seek power but seek to defy the state and push it to address the hitherto taboo topics such as. An overview of the syrian media landscape during the arab spring revolution. It is known that due of the economic distress, and lack of employment, many. For other arab revolts, see arab revolt disambiguation. Mar 29, 2019 by early 2011 they had spread into what became known as the arab springa wave of protests, uprisings, and unrest that spread across arabicspeaking countries in north africa and the middle east. The arab spring demonstrated that public opinion can powerfully affect the regions political life. Egyptian revolution, also known as arab spring or arab uprising, was a shock for international community because egypt has been seen as one of the strongest military state in north africa region. The world community and the arab spring springerlink. The 201820 arab protests, also referred to as the new arab spring, arab summer or arab spring 2.
The roots and causes of the 2011 arab uprisings kamal eldin osman salih abstract. The book thus makes a sound contribution to the existing literature on the arab spring in form of foreign policy analysis and provides an overview of the current shape and outlook of global politics. Womens rights and the arab spring middle eastnorth africa overview and fact sheet successful uprisings in tunisia and egypt in the last year have sparked movements against dictatorships across the middle east, north africa, and the gulf region. Powerpoint accompaniment for carolina k12s lesson tunisia. There followed months of political turmoil in which government forces killed hundreds of. Within this context, students will then learn about the arab spring through a powerpoint.
Tunisia and the arab spring overview students begin this lesson by discussing the concept of freedom and the attributes of countries that embrace or deny freedom. From revolution to civil war 78 zones and does not tightly define civil war versus other intrastate conflict. The league of arab states in the wake of the arab spring mervat rishmawi in 2011 and 2012, the league of arab states the league took limited steps in relation to what has become known as the arab spring which may have important implications on human rights issues, as will be discussed below. The government is still in the process of clamping down the uprisings. The reality is that few arab countries have experienced anything of the sort. Pdf the middle east and north africa mena have long been laden with tensions and instabilities. The arab world had remained the exception for the analogy. This guide compiles resources about the arab spring from different think tanks and. Social and national movementwhichstarted in 20102011. The arab spring is widely believed to have been instigated by dissatisfaction, particularly of youth and unions, with the rule of local governments, though some have speculated that wide gaps in income levels and pressures caused by the great recession may have had a hand as well. By early 2011 they had spread into what became known as the arab spring a wave of protests, uprisings, and unrest that spread across arabicspeaking countries in north africa and the middle east. But not long before he arrived, the egyptian arab spring had begun, and now the country was in chaos.
Arab spring research guide and notes sheet introduction. Pdf an overview of the syrian media landscape during the. The arab spring is a revolutionary movement empowered by the strength of individuals, communities, and rise of technology. Its causes and consequences 3 arab countries barany, 2011. Dissatisfaction with government services in arab spring. Womens rights and the arab spring middle eastnorth africa. Demonstrators expressing political and economic grievances faced violent crackdowns by their countries security forces. Fledgling democracies in north africa are struggling to move forward or even maintain control, government crackdowns in the persian gulf and elsewhere have kept liberalization at bay, and syria is slipping ever deeper into a vicious civil war that threatens to.
The story of how the arab world erupted in revolution, as a new generation used the internet and social media to try to overthrow their hated leaders. Constitutional courts after the arab spring 9 executive summary the middle eastnorth africa mena region is experiencing an unprecedented moment of constitutional transition. Womens rights and the arab spring middle eastnorth. After discussing the cartoons and handouts, ask each group to share their definitions of the arab spring. Introduction during the winter of 2010 and the spring of 2011, the world watched as prodemocracy protesters across north africa and the middle east rose up against the dictatorial regimes that had ruled their home countries for years. Over the past few decades most regions around the world have undergone significant transitions and democratisation efforts with varying degrees of success. Note the similarities and differences between each group then share the following overview of the arab spring.
The arab spring is a revolutionary wave of demonstrations and protests occurring in the arab world. The arab spring was a series of prodemocracy uprisings that enveloped several largely muslim countries, including tunisia, morocco, syria, libya, egypt and bahrain. Causes include human rights violations, economic decline, as well as extreme poverty caused by unemployment. The political turmoil of the arab world was both unex pected and welcome, with a number of countries fi nally moving away from sclerotic authoritarian forms of. He wanted to learn arabic, explore cairos neighborhoods, and visit the legendary archaeological digs of upper egypt. Along with the decrease in production, the demographic boom was also responsible for increasing unemployment. Greater access to information and awareness, including of individual. There followed months of political turmoil in which government forces killed hundreds of protesters. The violence sweeping across the arab world isnt a consequence of the arab spring, but of decades of dictatorship. Report summary this report examines the present status and background of the arab spring and speculates on its future by analyzing the process that the political changes in arab countries ongoing since 2011 the arab spring grassroots movement seeking to topple authoritarian dictatorships have undergone in the more than two years. The economics of the arab spring and its aftermath world bank. Mass protests erupted in january 2011 when president ali abdullah saleh tried to change the constitution so he could stay in power for life.
Along with the decrease in production, the demographic boom was. While the uprising in tunisia led to some improvements in the country from a humanrights perspective, not all of the nations that witnessed such social and political. Arab spring in tmisia and egypt 53 in this paper i focus on the arab spring outbreaks in tunisia and egypt and document how disenfranchised youth took advantage of emerging wired technological formats in their respective countries to create mediated communities, networks and identities that decolonized. The series of revolutions that marked the arab world toppled dictators and transformed the map of the region, inspiring hope for permanent change in the middle east. As economic distress is show to be one of the major causes of the arab spring, political dissatisfaction may be the biggest of them all to cause these disturbances. A schematic summary of the indepth study of the arab spring. Tunisia and the arab spring overview nc essential standards. Authoritarianism and democratization in the arab world.
But the process of transition to a democracy was badly designed, providing strong incentives for the countrys diverse political actors to behave in ways that undermined democratic development. Yemen became one of the first countries to experience the protests. He returned to his country in 2011 after forty years in exile. It is too optimistic to think that existing dilemmas can be easily resolved in this new and changing environment, but the arab spring may provide strong momentum for change. The arab spring in egypt religious literacy project. Speakers assessed russias political objectives in the region, its.
The first exact apply of the phrase arab spring to represent the current arab uprisingswas initiated by us political academic. Arab spring has been regarded as an arab phenomenon from the outset, explanations that are given of the arab spring have been ad hoc and are not representative of the entire arab world. It brought individuals to power and gave the citizens of countries like tunisa, egypt, and syria the voice that it needed to bring forth a revolution. Hundreds of thousands of tunisians took to the streets calling for an end to authoritarian rule. Perhaps the most influential writer in this respect is the iraqi muzaffar alnawab born 1934, who left no arab government unscathed by his bitter sarcasm, written in both iraqi vernacular and standard arabic. Press, 1999 and jillian schwedler, faith in moderation. Development of conflict in arab spring libya and syria. In december 2010, protests began against the autocratic government in the northern african country of tunisia. These words and stories in turn affected the selfimage of arab societies. A year of revolution a year ago, a tunisian fruitseller set himself on fire after being humiliated by a police officer. Its uprising also became one of the most consequential.
Briefly after the revolution, libya experienced a period of calm before it was plunged yet again into another conflict. Something that exists underground finds and outlet and emerges philosophical significance place of gathering realisation purity spring 5. The arab spring was a series of antigovernment protests, uprisings, and armed rebellions that spread across the middle east in early 2011. Jun 19, 20 however, as was shown by the arab spring, one social group alone can bring a great amount of change and should therefore not be underestimated. While the uprising in tunisia led to some improvements in the country from a humanrights perspective, not all of. Dossier concepts and expectations of the democratisation literature did not really correlate with the reality on the ground, where authoritarianism was simply being restructured rather than abandoned. On december 9, 20, the brookings doha center bdc hosted a policy discussion on russias role in the middle east.
The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any. Egyptian revolution, also known as arab spring or arab uprising, was a shock for international community because egypt has been seen as one of the. At the eve of the arab spring, one out of four egyptians and tunisians young was out of employment. Cenap cakmak is professor of international law and politics at eskisehir osmangazi university, turkey, and senior researcher at wise men center. The gaddafi archives libya before the arab spring view gallery an exhibition of photographs, documents and artefacts from the human rights watch archive paints a portrait of libya in the four decades prior to the arab spring. In this informed and accessible book, lin noueihed and alex warren explain the economic and political roots of the arab spring, assess what has been accomplished so far, and consider the many stumbling blocks that confront the arab nations as they try to shape their futures. Egypts mass uprising of 2011 gave birth to tremendous hopes that a new era of democratic politics could be built in the arab world.
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